القواعد (Structure)
حوالي ٣٠٪ من الاختبار، ووصفه المختبرون بأنه أسهل قسم وأكثره تكرارًا من التجميعات. الدروس مرتبة حسب أهميتها في STEP. في نهاية كل درس تدريب سريع بأسئلة من البنك (منها نماذج حقيقية معلَّمة).
١ الأزمنة Tenses الأكثر تكرارًا
سؤال الأزمنة يعتمد على الكلمة الدالة في الجملة (yesterday, since, now, by the time…). احفظ الجدول وستحل أغلب الأسئلة.
| الزمن | الصيغة | متى نستخدمه | الكلمات الدالة | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| المضارع البسيط | V1 / V1+s | عادات وحقائق وجداول ثابتة | always, usually, every day, often, never | Ahmed plays football every Friday. |
| المضارع المستمر | am/is/are + V-ing | يحدث الآن | now, at the moment, Look!, Listen! | Look! It is raining. |
| الماضي البسيط | V2 | حدث وانتهى في وقت محدد | yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010, when | They went to Jeddah last summer. |
| الماضي المستمر | was/were + V-ing | حدث طويل في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر | while, when, as | I was watching TV when the phone rang. |
| المضارع التام | have/has + V3 | بدأ في الماضي وله صلة بالحاضر، أو خبرة بدون وقت محدد | since, for, yet, already, just, ever, never, so far | She has lived in Riyadh since 2015. |
| المضارع التام المستمر | have/has been + V-ing | بدأ في الماضي وما زال مستمرًا (التركيز على المدة) | for, since, all day, how long | The food has been cooking for 30 minutes. |
| الماضي التام | had + V3 | حدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي | before, after, by the time, already, when | The film had started before we arrived. |
| المستقبل | will + V1 / be going to | قرار لحظي أو توقع / خطة | tomorrow, next week, soon | He will call you tomorrow. |
الحالة الأشهر في الاختبار: حدثان في الماضي مع when
Sameh crashed his car when he looked at his phone.حدثان قصيران وقعا في نفس اللحظة → ماضٍ بسيط في الجملتين (نموذج حقيقي).
I was driving when the phone rang.حدث طويل (كنت أقود) قطعه حدث قصير (رن) → ماضٍ مستمر للطويل + ماضٍ بسيط للقصير.
when + past simple → الحدث القصير | while + past continuous → الحدث الطويل
الفخ المتكرر: الماضي البسيط أم المضارع التام؟
I have visited Paris last year. last year وقت محدد في الماضي
I visited Paris last year. مع الوقت المحدد (yesterday, ago, in 2010, last…) → ماضٍ بسيط
I have visited Paris three times. خبرة بدون وقت محدد → مضارع تام
I haven't finished my homework yet. yet / already / just → مضارع تام
By the time / before / after مع حدثين في الماضي: الحدث الأسبق يأخذ الماضي التام (had + V3): By the time we arrived, the film had started.
٢ for / since / during / ago تكرر في الاختبار
| الكلمة | بعدها | أمثلة |
|---|---|---|
| for | مدة زمنية (كم من الوقت؟) ومع كل الأزمنة | for 30 minutes, for 4 hours, for two years, for a long time |
| since | نقطة بداية (منذ متى؟) وغالبًا مع المضارع التام | since 2015, since Monday, since 9 o'clock, since I was a child |
| during | اسم فترة (أثناء)، لا يأتي بعده رقم | during the night, during the lesson, during the holiday |
| ago | يأتي بعد المدة، مع الماضي البسيط (قبل كذا) | two years ago, an hour ago |
| from … to | بداية ونهاية الفترة | from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. |
The food has been cooking for 30 minutes.نموذج حقيقي، 30 minutes مدة → for
The meat is so soft, I cooked it for 4 hours.نموذج حقيقي، مدة مع الماضي البسيط → for
I haven't seen him since last year.نقطة بداية → since
It rained heavily during the night.أثناء فترة → during
خطأ شائع: since three years → for three years . إذا كان بعد الفراغ رقم + وحدة زمن (minutes, hours, days, years) فالإجابة for.
٣ make / let وأنماط الأفعال Verb patterns تكرر كثيرًا
أ) أفعال يأتي بعدها الفعل بالمصدر بدون to
make / let / help + object + V1 | had better / would rather + V1 | modals (can, must, should…) + V1
My mother made me clean my room.أجبرتني أن أنظف
The teacher let us leave early.سمح لنا أن نغادر
He helped me wash the car. (= helped me to wash)help تقبل الاثنين، لكن ليس -ing
You had better see a doctor. / I'd rather stay at home.من الأفضل أن… / أفضّل أن…
He made me to wait for an hour. الصحيح: made me wait
ب) أفعال بعدها to + V1
want decide hope plan need promise agree refuse learn would like expect manage offer afford tell/ask someone
I want to buy a new phone. / They decided to stay at home.
ج) أفعال بعدها V-ing
enjoy avoid finish mind suggest practice keep consider miss give up can't stand imagine stop
She enjoys listening to music. / He avoided answering the question.
د) بعد حروف الجر دائمًا V-ing
I'm interested in learning. / He is good at swimming. / I'm looking forward to seeing you. / before going / without sayingto في look forward to حرف جر وليس أداة مصدر → seeing
هـ) أفعال يتغير معناها
| الفعل | + to V1 | + V-ing |
|---|---|---|
| stop | stop to smoke = توقف ليدخّن | stop smoking = أقلع عن التدخين |
| remember / forget | remember to lock = تذكّر أن تقفل (مستقبل) | remember locking = يتذكر أنه قفل (ماضٍ) |
| try | try to open = حاول جاهدًا | try opening = جرّب |
٤ الكلام المنقول Reported Speech
أ) say أم tell؟
said (that) + جملة | told + شخص (that) + جملة
He said that he was hungry.say بدون شخص بعده مباشرة
Osama told me that he was busy.tell + الشخص
She said me that she was busy. said me → told me
ب) إرجاع الزمن خطوة للوراء (Backshift)
إذا كان فعل القول في الماضي (said / told / thought) نرجّع زمن الجملة المنقولة خطوة للوراء:
| الكلام المباشر | → المنقول |
|---|---|
| am / is / are | was / were |
| V1 (present simple) | V2 (past simple) |
| V2 / have V3 | had V3 |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| now / today / tomorrow / here / this | then / that day / the next day / there / that |
Are you leaving now? I thought you said you were going to stay till tomorrow.نموذج حقيقي، said في الماضي → are going → were going
"I will take the test tomorrow." → He told me he would take the test the next day.
ج) نقل الأوامر والطلبات
told / asked + شخص + to + V1 | النفي: + not to + V1
"Don't be shy." → My father told me not to be shy.نموذج حقيقي
"Stop smoking." → The doctor asked me to stop smoking.
"Don't talk." → The teacher asked us not to talk during the exam.
٥ أدوات الربط Conjunctions & Linking words but = however
اسأل نفسك: ما العلاقة بين الجملتين؟ تناقض؟ سبب؟ نتيجة؟ إضافة؟ ثم انظر هل بعد الفراغ جملة (فاعل + فعل) أم اسم.
| العلاقة | + جملة كاملة | + اسم / V-ing | تبدأ جملة جديدة (بعدها فاصلة) |
|---|---|---|---|
| تناقض (لكن / مع أن) | but, although, though, even though, whereas, while | despite, in spite of | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand |
| سبب (لأن) | because, since, as | because of, due to, owing to | — |
| نتيجة (لذلك) | so | — | Therefore, Thus, As a result, Consequently |
| إضافة (أيضًا) | and | as well as, besides | Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Also |
| شرط | if, unless (= if not), in case, as long as, provided that | — | Otherwise |
| غرض | so that, in order that | to, in order to, so as to | — |
Matt was too poor to buy the things he wanted, so he started his own company.نموذج حقيقي، نتيجة → so
He is rich. However, he is not happy. = He is rich, but he is not happy.but = however (المعنى واحد، والموقع مختلف)
Although it was raining, we went out. = Despite the rain, we went out.although + جملة / despite + اسم
He was late because of the traffic. / He was late because there was traffic.
You won't pass unless you study. (= if you don't study)
٦ الأسئلة Questions
أ) السؤال العادي: فعل مساعد + فاعل + V1
Do / Does / Did + subject + V1? | Wh- + do/does/did + subject + V1? | Is/Are/Can/Will + subject …?
Does Linda have two children or three?نموذج حقيقي، have فعل رئيسي، الفاعل مفرد → Does + V1
Did you go to the party last night?ماضٍ → Did + V1 (وليس went)
Where does she live? / Have you ever been to London?
ب) السؤال المضمّن (Embedded question)، الأهم في الاختبار
إذا جاء السؤال داخل جملة بعد عبارات مثل: I don't know I don't understand Could you tell me Do you know I wonder، يرجع الترتيب عاديًا: فاعل ثم فعل، ونحذف do/does/did.
I still don't understand why Mia decided to marry Jake.نموذج حقيقي، ليس why did Mia decide
Could you tell me where the station is?ليس where is the station
Do you know what time the bank opens?
I wonder if he is coming.سؤال نعم/لا مضمّن → if / whether
ج) الأسئلة الذيلية (Tag questions)
جملة مثبتة → ذيل منفي | جملة منفية → ذيل مثبت | نفس الفعل المساعد ونفس الزمن
She is a doctor, isn't she?
You didn't call me, did you?
They can swim, can't they? / He likes tea, doesn't he?
٧ ضمائر الوصل Relative Pronouns
| الضمير | يعود على | ما بعده | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | شخص | فعل (أو فاعل + فعل) | The man who lives next door is a doctor. |
| which | شيء / حيوان | فعل أو فاعل + فعل | The book which I bought is interesting. |
| that | شخص أو شيء (بديل who/which) | فعل أو فاعل + فعل | Is this the ring that you found on the beach? نموذج حقيقي |
| whose | ملكية | اسم مباشرة | I know a girl whose father is a pilot. |
| where | مكان | جملة كاملة (فاعل + فعل) | This is the city where I was born. |
| when | زمن | جملة كاملة | That was the year when we got married. |
| whom | شخص في موقع المفعول (رسمي) | فاعل + فعل | The woman whom you met is my aunt. |
طريقة سريعة: بعد الفراغ اسم (father, car, house)؟ → whose. قبل الفراغ مكان وبعده جملة كاملة؟ → where. قبله شخص → who/that. قبله شيء → which/that.
٨ القلب Inversion Never have I eaten…
عندما تبدأ الجملة بظرف سالب أو محدود مثل: Never Rarely Seldom Hardly Not only No sooner Little Under no circumstances، نقلب الفاعل والفعل المساعد كأنه سؤال.
Never + فعل مساعد + فاعل + فعل … (إذا لا يوجد فعل مساعد نضيف do / does / did)
Never have I eaten such delicious food.سؤال ورد في الاختبار، وليس Never I have eaten
Rarely does he go to the cinema.لا يوجد فعل مساعد → نضيف does والفعل يرجع V1
Not only was he late, but he also forgot his books.
Seldom have we seen such a good film.
Hardly had I arrived when the phone rang.
القلب يحدث فقط عندما يكون الظرف في بداية الجملة. إذا جاء في وسطها فالترتيب عادي: I have never eaten such delicious food.
٩ الجمل الشرطية Conditionals
| النوع | If + … | النتيجة | المعنى | مثال |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| صفري | present | present | حقيقة عامة | If you heat ice, it melts. |
| الأول | present | will + V1 | محتمل في المستقبل | If it rains, we will stay at home. |
| الثاني | past (were) | would + V1 | خيالي / غير محتمل الآن | If I were rich, I would travel the world. |
| الثالث | had + V3 | would have + V3 | ماضٍ لم يحدث (ندم) | If she had studied, she would have passed. |
طريقة الحل: انظر للجزء المعطى من الجملة. إذا رأيت would have V3 فالفراغ الآخر had V3. إذا رأيت would + V1 فالفراغ الآخر ماضٍ بسيط. إذا رأيت will فالفراغ الآخر مضارع. لا يأتي will بعد if أبدًا.
You won't pass unless you study. = You won't pass if you don't study.
١٠ المبني للمجهول Passive Voice
be (حسب الزمن) + V3 (+ by + الفاعل)
| الزمن | الصيغة | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| مضارع بسيط | is / are + V3 | English is spoken all over the world. |
| ماضٍ بسيط | was / were + V3 | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| مضارع تام | has / have been + V3 | The room has been cleaned. |
| مستقبل | will be + V3 | The hospital will be built next year. |
| مع فعل ناقص | can / must / should + be + V3 | This problem can be solved. |
| مستمر | is / was being + V3 | The road is being repaired. |
متى أختار المبني للمجهول؟ عندما يكون الفاعل هو الذي يستقبل الفعل ولا يقوم به (الرسالة لا ترسل نفسها، الحذاء لا يصنع نفسه)، أو عندما ترى by + شخص في الجملة.
١١ الأفعال الناقصة Modals
modal + V1 دائمًا (بدون to، بدون s، بدون ing)
| Modal | المعنى | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| must | إلزام / ضرورة قوية | You must wear a seatbelt. |
| mustn't | ممنوع | You mustn't smoke here. |
| have to | إلزام (خارجي) | I have to work tomorrow. |
| don't have to | ليس ضروريًا (≠ mustn't) | You don't have to pay; it's free. |
| should / ought to | نصيحة | You should see a doctor. |
| can / could | قدرة (could للماضي) / طلب مؤدب | I could swim when I was five. |
| may / might | احتمال | It might rain later. |
| should have + V3 | كان يجب (لوم) | You should have told me earlier. |
| must have + V3 | استنتاج مؤكد عن الماضي | He must have missed the bus. |
| can't have + V3 | استنتاج بالنفي | He can't have missed it; he's never late. |
١٢ المقارنة Comparatives & Superlatives
| الصفة | المقارنة (than) | التفضيل (the) |
|---|---|---|
| قصيرة (مقطع واحد) | easier / larger / faster than | the easiest / the largest |
| تنتهي بـ y | happier / busier than | the happiest |
| طويلة (مقطعان فأكثر) | more expensive / intelligent than | the most beautiful |
| شاذة | good → better / bad → worse / far → farther / little → less / many, much → more | the best / the worst / the farthest / the least / the most |
He runs as fast as his brother.المساواة: as + الصفة الأصلية + as
The more you practice, the better you become.المقارنة المزدوجة
He is more taller than his brother. لا نجمع more مع -er → taller
She drives carefully. / She is a careful driver.الظرف (-ly) يصف الفعل، والصفة تصف الاسم
١٣ الأدوات والمحددات Articles & Quantifiers
a / an / the
- an قبل صوت متحرك: an apple, an hour, an honest man (الـ h صامتة)
- a قبل صوت ساكن: a university, a European (تُنطق يو)
- the للشيء المحدد أو الوحيد: the sun, the best, the Nile
- بدون أداة مع غير المعدود والجمع العام: information, water, people
المحددات
| مع المعدود (students) | مع غير المعدود (milk, time, money, information) | مع الاثنين |
|---|---|---|
| many, a few, few, several | much, a little, little | a lot of, lots of, some, any, enough |
a few / a little = بعض (إيجابي) | few / little = قليل جدًا (سلبي)
some في المثبت | any في النفي والسؤال
١٤ حروف الجر Prepositions
الزمن
- at + ساعة / لحظة: at 7 o'clock, at noon, at night, at the weekend
- on + يوم / تاريخ: on Monday, on 5 May, on my birthday
- in + شهر / سنة / فترة: in 1999, in July, in the morning, in summer
المكان
- at + نقطة: at the door, at school, at home
- on + سطح: on the table, on the wall
- in + داخل: in the room, in Riyadh, in the box
صفة + حرف جر
good at bad at interested in afraid of proud of tired of famous for responsible for different from similar to married to angry with worried about
فعل + حرف جر
look for look after look at listen to wait for depend on belong to arrive at / in apologize for agree with think about
١٥ too / enough / so / such
| التركيب | المعنى | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| too + صفة (+ to V1) | أكثر من اللازم (سلبي) | The tea is too hot to drink. |
| صفة + enough (+ to V1) | كافٍ | He isn't old enough to drive. |
| enough + اسم | كافٍ من | We don't have enough money. |
| so + صفة + that | جدًا لدرجة أن | She was so tired that she fell asleep. |
| such (+ a) + صفة + اسم + that | جدًا لدرجة أن (مع اسم) | It was such a good film that I watched it twice. |
الفرق بين so و such: بعد so صفة فقط، وبعد such اسم (مع صفته). ولاحظ أن enough تأتي بعد الصفة وقبل الاسم.
١٦ تحديد الخطأ Error Identification
تُعطى جملة فيها أربعة أجزاء تحتها خط، وتختار الجزء الخاطئ. افحص بالترتيب: الفعل (زمن + اتفاق مع الفاعل) → الضمائر → حروف الجر → الجمع → الصفة/الظرف → المقارنة.
My sister she gave that car to me when I got my first job.نموذج حقيقي، الخطأ: فاعل مكرر (My sister + she)
أشهر ١٢ خطأ في الاختبار
| الخطأ | ||
|---|---|---|
| فاعل مكرر | My brother he is a teacher. | My brother is a teacher. |
| اتفاق الفاعل والفعل | She don't like coffee. / Every student have… | She doesn't… / Every student has… |
| مضارع تام مع وقت محدد | I have visited Paris last year. | I visited Paris last year. |
| مقارنة مزدوجة | more taller | taller |
| نمط الفعل | enjoyed to swim / made me to wait | enjoyed swimming / made me wait |
| since مع مدة | since three years | for three years |
| agree صفة؟ لا، فعل | I am agree with you. | I agree with you. |
| جمع خاطئ | childrens, peoples, informations | children, people, information |
| صفة بدل ظرف | She drives careful. | She drives carefully. |
| ضمائر الفاعل | Me and him went… | He and I went… |
| will بعد if | If I will see him… | If I see him… |
| said + شخص | She said me that… | She told me that… |
١٧ الأفعال الشاذة الأكثر استخدامًا Irregular Verbs
تحتاجها في الأزمنة والمبني للمجهول والكلام المنقول. V1 – V2 – V3
| V1 | V2 | V3 | المعنى | V1 | V2 | V3 | المعنى |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been | يكون | go | went | gone | يذهب |
| begin | began | begun | يبدأ | have | had | had | يملك |
| break | broke | broken | يكسر | know | knew | known | يعرف |
| bring | brought | brought | يحضر | leave | left | left | يغادر |
| buy | bought | bought | يشتري | lose | lost | lost | يفقد |
| choose | chose | chosen | يختار | make | made | made | يصنع |
| come | came | come | يأتي | meet | met | met | يقابل |
| do | did | done | يفعل | read | read | read | يقرأ |
| drive | drove | driven | يقود | run | ran | run | يجري |
| eat | ate | eaten | يأكل | see | saw | seen | يرى |
| fall | fell | fallen | يسقط | send | sent | sent | يرسل |
| find | found | found | يجد | speak | spoke | spoken | يتكلم |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | ينسى | take | took | taken | يأخذ |
| get | got | got/gotten | يحصل | teach | taught | taught | يعلّم |
| give | gave | given | يعطي | tell | told | told | يخبر |
| write | wrote | written | يكتب | think | thought | thought | يفكر |